Paraphrase

Original Text

The Function of the English Language

The world globalization gives the English language a very important function for human’s life. It is accepted as an international language of technology and commerce. As a consequence, more and more people learn it specifically because they want to do their business effectively. The facts indicate that business people sell their products to the international society in English. Besides that, automotive and electronic instructions are widely given in English. In addition to that, doctors and researchers read the developments of their field in English. The most important fact is that the majority of textbooks and journals are written in English. This means that people are placed to the fact that they cannot neglect to learn the English Language.

Paraphrase Text

The Function of the English Language

Topic Sentence:

The world globalization gives the English language a very important function for human’s life.

Paraphrases:
1. The more essential use of English language is very needed by living of human being universally.
2. It has agreed as an international language about technology and trade.
3. Therefore, English has to study hard by a lot of people because it can increase the business well.
4. To sell the products, businessmen use it to all concerned in reality.
5. Moreover, English is always used to automotive and electronic directions.
6. Also, it is decided in medics and scientists to the progresses of object.
7. The most essential fact, English has become usual language to write textbooks and journals.
8. As a fact, people should know how important English language is to study.

WORKSHOP IS...

According to Ron Katz

• Workshops are usually longer, often 1 to 2 days.
• Seminars are usually 90 minutes to 3 hours.
• Workshops include far more interactive exercises.
• Seminars are frequently more lecture driven with less participant interaction other than answering questions.
• Often the questions at a seminar are at the end of the presentation. At a workshop, handle the questions as they arise and often turn them into group discussions.
• Workshops are usually smaller, 25 people or less. Seminars are often over 100 people.
• Workshops usually have a workbook handout of 50-100 pages.
• Seminars have more limited handouts, often just a printout of the PowerPoint presentation.

The words are often used interchangeably, but these are the differences I see. I use the above “definitions” when discussing with clients what they want.

You can download below for example:

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Relation between Culture and Language (CROSS CULTURE UNDERSTANDING)

A.  The meaning of Culture

Based on KBBI, Culture is a tradition that becomes a habit and has very difficult to be changed. According to Clifford Greetz as mentioned by Fedyani Syaifuddin in his Contemporary Anthropology book that Culture is a symbol system that consists of symbols and values which is shared and public. In my opinion, Culture is habit that has always done from generation to generation and can’t be changed.

B.   The meaning of Language

According to Chomsky, Language is a set of sentences, each finite length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. Based on KBBI, Language is arbitrary sound system which is used by members of a people to work together, interact, and identify themselves. In my opinion, Language is a tool to convey an idea orally, verbally, and arbitrarily. Signs, symbols, and the other marks are used in language that contain the meaning relating to the situation of human life and real experiences.

C.   The Relationship between Culture and Language Learning

There are various theories about the relationship of language and culture. Some of thoughts say that language is part of culture, but others say that language and culture are two different things. Some thoughts say that the language is strongly influenced culture, so that everything that exists in the culture will be reflected in the language. Conversely, there are those who say the language is strongly influenced culture and human thinking or public speakers. In my opinion, I choose that Language and culture are two different sides as if the coin, but both of these relationships can’t be separated so that Culture and Language Learning are related each other. Make sure that each culture has different language.

For example, culture in Indonesia talks ‘goodbye’ but culture in west-countries liking European talks ‘have a nice day’. We can conclude that Culture in west-countries uses ‘analogy’ to express what mind is, such as “The weather today is very cold”. Because weather in west-countries has four seasons. When winter comes, the people get sick and talk about it with the other speakers who ask about condition. It shows us that the body of the subject is fever. Meanwhile, Culture in Indonesia usually uses ‘to the point’ speech to say something. Speaker one asks to other about condition “How are you?” and another speaker answers “My body is fever”. Indirectly the conversation has got the main point so that we must not defines what the meaning is. Because if we answer like the American talking, it sounds strange in Indonesia and based on Indonesia weather has two seasons.

The other hand, an article which I read that American admits they haven’t special culture from generation to generation. Instead, they assume that their culture is ‘strive to be the best’. Because there are no factors of caste, religion, and culture that hinder it, people in these countries trust that someone who holds the guidance will be able to be the best. American culture has grown around the world in various forms of adaptation and has affected the all world, especially the Western world.

In short, language and culture are different thing. We need to learn more about both of them. Something goes special if we know directly what they do in their culture liking my lecturer’s experience who have gone to other countries. We need to be underlined that to learn a language is not necessarily understand to the culture, but to know culture can get a language what the native talks about.

Ilmu Tajwid

Pengertian Tentang Saktah, Tashil, Isymam, Naql dan Imalah Dalam Bacaan Al-Qur'an

بِسْــــــــــــــــمِ اﷲِالرَّحْمَنِ اارَّحِيم

Dalam kaidah membaca al-Qur'an, ada perubahan cara membaca dengan pola tertentu, ada juga yang tidak menggunakan pola tertentu, sebagaimana dalamgrammer bahas Inggris ada yang disebut regular verb dan irregular verb. Perubahan cara baca yang tidak beraturan ini juga dikenal dalam metode qira'ah Imam Ashim yang banyak dipakai kaum Muslim di Indonesia, kaidah ini dinamakan Gharib.

Qira’ah Imam Ashim riwayat Hafs mulai berkembang dan menyebar luas pada masa pemerintahan Turki Utsmani yang didukung oleh banyaknya cetakan Al-Qur’an dari Arab Saudi sampai menyebar ke seluruh dunia, waktu penyebarannya terutama pada musim-musim haji. 

Gharib menurut bahasa artinya tersembunyi atau samar, sedangkan menurut istilah Ulama qurra’, gharib artinya sesuatu yang perlu penjelasan khusus dikarenakan samarnya pembahasan atau karena peliknya permasalahan baik dari segi huruf, lafadz, arti maupun pemahaman yang terdapat dalam Al-Qur’an. Adapun bacaan-bacaan yang dianggap gharib (tersembunyi/samar) dalam qira’ah Imam Ashim riwayat Hafs diantaranya adalah :  Imalah, Isymam, Saktah, Tashil, dan Naql.

Jenis Bacaan Spesial

1. Saktah (diam, tidak bergerak)

Ialah berhenti sejenak tanpa bernafas. Adapun tanda saktah yang terdapat dalam al-Qur'an biasanya dengan (سكتة)  dan kadang-kadang juga dengan (س) saja.

Di dalam al-Qur'an bacaan saktah ada pada 4 tempat, yakni: 

1. Surah al-Kahfi ayat 1dan 2:  ۥ عِوَجَاۜ  قَيِّمً۬ا

2. Surah Yasin ayat 52:  مِن مَّرۡقَدِنَاۜ‌ۗ هَـٰذَا 

3.Surah al-Qiyamah ayat 27:  وَقِيلَ مَنۡۜ رَاقٍ۬ 

4. Surah al-Muthaffifiin ayat 14: كَلَّا‌ۖ بَلۡۜ رَانَ

2. Tashil (memberi kemudahan, keringanan atau menyederhanakan)

Cara membaca dua hamzah yang berjejer, hamzah pertama dibaca biasa sedangkan yang kedua disuarakan antara hamzah dan alif (samar-samar).

Di dalam al-Qur'an bacaan tashil hanya ada pada 1 tempat, yaitu:

1. Surah Fushshilaat ayat 44:  ءَا۠عۡجَمِىٌّ۬ وَعَرَبِىٌّ۬‌ۗ

3. Isymam (mencampurkan).

Adalah mencampurkan dammah pada sukun dengan memoncongkan bibir atau mengangkat dua bibir (mecucu - Jawa).

Dalam al-Qur'an bacaan ini hanya terdapat pada 1 tempat, yakni:

1. Surat Yusuf ayat 11:  لَا تَأۡمَ۫نَّا 

4. Naql (memindah)

Adalah membaca lam sukun (أل) "al" diganti dengan harakat huruf hamzah sesudahnya (i) "i" sehingga menjadi (أل) "ali" kemudian huruf hamzah kasrah  (i) "i" dari kata "ٱسۡم" dibuang, sehingga berbunyi (lismu) kemudian dihubungkan dengan  "بِئۡسَ" maka menjadilah bacaan (bi'sa lismu).

Dalam al-Qur'an, ayat yang mesti dibaca naql hanyalah ada pada 1 tempat, yakni:

1. Surah al-Hujurat: 11:  بِئۡسَ ٱلِٱسۡمُ 

5. Imalah (memiringkan atau membengkokan)

Cara merubah bacaan "RO" menjadi "RE" (seperti "E" dalam kata sate).

Dalam al-Qur'an, lafadz yang dibaca dengan metode ini ada pada 1 tempat, yakni:

1. Surat Hud ayat 41:  مَجۡر۪ٮٰهَا 

Kaidah Bacaan Khusus Lainnya

Disamping hal-hal tersebut di atas, ada hal-hal lain yang juga harus diperhatikan oleh qari' agar ia terhindar dari kesalahan membaca, karena beberapa kata berikut agak berbeda lafadz dengan yang umum diketahui, sebagai unsur kehatian-hatian, diantaranya adalah:

Shad-nya dibaca sin.  وَيَبۡصُۜطُ (Q.S. Al-Baqarah: 245).dan بَصۜۡطَةً۬‌ۖ (Q.S. Al-A'raf: 69)

"S" nya boleh dibaca shad boleh juga sin. ٱلۡمُصَۣيۡطِرُونَ (Q.S. Athur: 37).

Shadnya tetap dibaca shad  بِمُصَيۡطِرٍ (Q.S. Al-Ghosiyah: 22).

Ha'-nya dibaca dhommah. عَلَيۡهُ ٱللَّهَ (Q.s. Al-Fath: 10).

Ha'nya dhommah dan pendek ketika washol أَنسَٮٰنِيهُ (disambung).(Q.S. al-Kahfi: 63).

Qaf-nya mati, ha-nya kasrah dan pendek. وَيَتَّقۡهِ (Q.S. An-Nur: 52).

Ha'-nya dhommah dan pendek يَرۡضَهُ لَكُمۡ‌ۗ (Q.S. Az-Zumar: 7).

Lam-nya kasrah, Ha'-nya kasrah dan pendek وَقِيلِهِۦ (Q.S. Az-Zukhruf: 88).

Ha'-nya dibaca pendek, sebab bukan Ha' dhomir (kata ganti),  مَا نَفۡقَهُ (Q.S. Hud: 91),  فَوَٲكِهُ (Q.S. al-Mu'minun: 19), demikian juga lafadz  يَنتَهِ.

Fa'-nya dibaca pendek, فَكِهِينَ (Q.S.al-Muthaffifiin: 31), demikian juga lafadz:  فَرِحِينَ

Kaf-nya dibaca fathah. وَهُوَ ڪَلٌّ (Q.S. an-Nahl: 76).

Pada waktu membaca ba-nya kedua lafadz berikut, hendklah berhati-hati jangan sampai salah membaca harakat dan panjang pendeknya. وَرَبَـٰٓٮِٕبُڪُمُ (Q.S. an-Nisa: 23),  جَلَـٰبِيبِهِنَّۚ (Q.S. al-Ahzab: 59).

Lam-nya yang kedua dibaca kasrah.  لِّلۡعَـٰلِمِينَ (Q.S. Ar-Ruum: 22).

Mim-nya dibaca kasrah  يَوۡمِٮِٕذٍ‌ۗ (Q.S. Hud: 66) dan (Q.S. al-Ma'arij: 11).

Dzal-nya fathah,sedang nun-nya dhommah.  أَرِنَا ٱلَّذَيۡنِ  (Q.S. Fushshilat: 29).

Dal-nya fathah dan Nun-nya kasroh. خَـٰلِدَيۡنِ (Q.S. Al-Khasyr: 17).

Dhod-nya boleh dibaca fathah atau dhommah. Dalam 1 ayat ada 3 kata, apabila yang awal dibaca fathah, maka semuanya harus dibaca fathah, dan apabila yang pertama dibaca dhommah, maka semuanya harus dibaca dhommah. ضَعۡفٍ۬ (Q.S. ar-Ruum: 54).

Lam-nya (إِلاًّ۬) tanwin, kemudian di idh-ghaomkan pada wawu ketika washol (sambung). Lafadh (إِلاًّ۬) ini bermakna qorobah bukan ististna.  إِلاًّ۬ وَلَا ذِمَّةً۬‌ۚ  (Q.S. at-Taubah: 8 dan 10).

Ta-nya dibaca fathah dan tanpa (تَجۡرِى تَحۡتَهَا  ,(مِنَ (Q.S. at-Taubah: 100).

() dibaca panjang 2 ketukan,  أُولَٮٰهُمَا (Q.S. al-Isra': 5), لِأُولَٮٰهُمۡ (Q.S. al-A'raf: 38-39), demikian juga lafadz (لِأُولَا) dengan ( ٱلۡ)

Hamzahnya pendek. سَأُوْرِيكُمۡ (Q.S. Al-A'raf: 145).

Wawu-nya dibaca pendek. مِن تَفَـٰوُتٍ۬‌ۖ  (Q.S. al-Mulk: 3).

وَءَاتَوُاْ ٱلزَّڪَوٰةَ (Q.S.al-Baqarah:277) dan (Q.S. at-Taubah: 5 dan 11), (Q.S.al-Hajj: 41), Ta-nya fathah, wawu-nya dhommah ketika washol (sambung), dan mati ketika waqof (berhenti).  Ini fi'il Madhi (kata lampau) bukan fi'il 'Amr (kata perintah).

Semoga bermanfaat.

ﺳُﺒْﺤَﺎﻧَﻚَ ﺍﻟﻠَّﻬُﻢَّ ﻭَﺑِﺤَﻤْﺪِﻙَ ﺃَﺷْﻬَﺪُ ﺃَﻥْ ﻻَ ﺇِﻟﻪَ ﺇِﻻَّ ﺃَﻧْﺖَ ﺃَﺳْﺘَﻐْﻔِﺮُﻙَ ﻭَﺃَﺗُﻮْﺏُ ﺇِﻟَﻴْﻚ 

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Sumber: 

Hukum-Hukum bacaan al-Qur'an, hal.251-256, Moh.Wahyudi, Penerbit: INDAH-Surabaya.